Is there life in the Venusian Clouds? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice are joined by planetary astrobiologist David Grinspoon to discuss NASA’s return to Venus, our space future, and whether we’ll find life in our solar system. As a primary investigator on the upcoming DAVINCI mission, David explains why we haven't sent a dedicated U.S. mission to our sister planet since the 1980s and how the history of "space futures" has always been a reflection of our own culture and politics. Neil and David explore the evolution of our planetary visions, from the mass delusion of Martian canals and Jules Verne's moon voyagers to the propaganda efforts during and before the Apollo era. You'll learn how people once assumed every planet was inhabited, only to have their "cloud swamp" dreams shattered by the harsh reality of a runaway greenhouse effect. When did scientists realize Venus’s runaway greenhouse and that it wouldn’t have life? We get into the nuts and bolts of the DAVINCI (2031) and VERITAS missions. How do you build a probe to survive pressures 100 times that of Earth and temperatures hotter than a pizza oven? David breaks down the dive through the Venusian atmosphere, where the mission will capture the first-ever 21st-century measurements and descent photography of the surface. They also tackle the phosphine controversy: Could life actually thrive in a permanent global cloud deck? Why isn’t there life in the clouds on Earth, even though you can find life everywhere else? With the Europa Clipper heading to Jupiter’s icy moon and the OSIRIS-REX sample from Bennu revealing 14 different amino acids, the kit for life seems to be sprinkled across the cosmos. If the ingredients are common could life itself be too? Thanks to our Patrons Nick Pullia, Sean Cater, Keith Reiss, Seph Gordon, Charlie Viola, Miguel Rangel, Andrew Ferguson, JeAnnette Elaine Thomas, Hugh Caley, Daniel Weber, Chris, Peter Grossman, Darryl Baker, Joyce A Edwards, Maxim, Joshua Richard, Patrick ridlon, Kathleen Reardon, David Watts, Angelina Bryant, Liza, Dave Holloway, Ricardo Andrés Morales Muñoz, Damian Wilson, m. szachacz, Vince Johnson, Lucy, Randal Walcott, Rachel Ambrose, andrew wong, Richard Hudson, Peter Galindo, Mehdi Degryse, Carl Starr M.D., Rodrigo De Luca Comelli, Christian Harris, Ryan Grillo, Jose Villavicencio, Kell, Russ, Mota Ephrahim, Andre Campos-Gomez, Catherine Noiboonsook, Sam McClure, Jerry Taylor, Ian Howarth, Gerrard Lobo, Jordan Strauch, Pretender to the Throne, Dustin, Bulbacats, Jim Mirra, Matt, Adrian Martinez, GuruMojo - Kenny, Malcolm Townes, Russell, Vincent Thomas, Caleb Winters, Carsten, Frank, Andrew Sabado, Roger beeper, Jason Burden, lilacjasminetea, Eric, Samantha, Eric Sneddon, philip griffiths, Christian Chidester, Bruce Berky, Bill Polskoy, Maddux Hammer, Tim Neumark, nathan burcl, Paul Santos, Tognia, sugar, Mike Vacay, Niklas lundkvist, JaneB, Gutek, Natalie & Dad, Ashley, J Sh-Wood, Alexej Muehlberg, and Emery for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: David Grinspoon 02:15 - History of Space Futures 04:42 - Growing Up with Carl Sagan & Star Trek 10:30 - Portrayal of Aliens 12:40 - Popularizing Space 17:59 - Realizing Other Planets Didn’t Have Life 20:00 - Mars Canal Conspiracy & War of the Worlds 25:42 - Going Back to Venus with DAVINCI 33:30 - Could Life Thrive in the Clouds? 39:04 - The Health of the Search for Life 41:33 - What We Found on Asteroid Bennu 45:09 - Do Aliens Have Music? 49:20 - Closing Thoughts Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

What do astrophysicists mean when they talk about “information”? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice dive into questions about the black hole information paradox, moon moons, wormholes between black hole universes, and more! Why do astrophysicists worry about lost information, and what actually happens when a molecule meets a singularity? If something goes in and never comes out, does that information leave our universe forever? Neil explains the role of entropy and how particle-antiparticle pairs at the event horizon might just hold the inventory of what the black hole ate. From there, the duo heads into cislunar space. What are the odds of a 2032 asteroid impact, and is it possible for our Moon to capture a moon of its own? Neil explains the energy required to slow down a passing object and why the Moon remains a solitary companion. Things take a turn for the heroic, and the villainous, as Neil and Chuck debate their comic book alter egos. Why are villains inherently cooler than heroes? If Neil were a superhero, would his signal be the digits of π? Between Chuck’s dreams of Dr. Manhattan-style duplication and Neil’s mission to save the "geeks" from bullies, the duo explores the cultural shift that turned nerds into the richest people on Earth. Why would the time circuits in Back to the Future lead Marty McFly into the vacuum of space rather than Hill Valley? We break down the orbital mechanics of the Gregorian calendar before shifting to the thermodynamics of the laundry room. If heat makes things expand, why do your clothes shrink in the dryer? The show wraps up with a lightning round: Is our universe actually inside a black hole? Could Rick’s portal gun from Rick and Morty actually navigate a multiverse with different laws of physics? Finally, Neil explains the mechanics of accretion disks and those massive black hole jets. If a black hole were headed toward our solar system, would we have any defense at all, or is it time to kiss your ass goodbye? Thanks to our Patrons Dustin Franke, Joel Bradley, Bill, Bailey's Old Guard, Ezrah Davies, Joseph, David Tilbury, David Holt, Andrew Bowen, John Blair, BigShrimpin, Niall Heaton, Stefan Tabakov, Roger McVay, Steve, John Skobrak, Mau Guzmán, Marcus, Michael Astro-Knight, Charlize, Zach Sweet, Trish Edwards, 에이 큐, Michael Kitchen, Alboogie, studioofmars, Anders Öqvist, Liris, Robbie Bentley, Harry Campbell Blyth Clark, Timmeh, Stupot, Wick3dHeathen, Denise Pinheiro, Kenneth Millen, Porn Person, Bill, PotatoGraphick, Conrad Dunfee, Steve A, Priit Pääsukene, Étienne Pouly, thomas rodriguez, Jibak, Michael S, Kerin McGee, Kyle Young, S.P., Adam Sweeney, Micah Sell, Austin, Emmyb, Caiden Osborne, Devinder Singh, John Posey, Thierry Hubert, Spider, B. Nielsen, jonathan Ryan Munns, tanya henry, K Be, Tyler, Moseph Thuglewits, A O, Tim Gibbs I, Robert Buckley, Maggy, Abhi Arikapudi, Luna Sylvan, omarelsewefy, Kevin, Sylvain Racicot, Aiden Nathan, naked alien, Mohammed Al-Sabah, Derek S., Mark Oestereich, DarkInferno, Joseph Hernandez, Osboyjr, Jay Titus, Nathan Hargett, Dave Baxter, aspiring scientific journalist Also a cow, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Amanda, Tony DeGregorio, Michael Chunn, jeffrey gerber, Raymond McGovern, Ricky Byrd, Glen Bizeau, Richard Rines, Matthew Drumheiser, Raj, and kornschnitzel for supporting us this week. Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

Why do we need to know that other people know we know? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice dive into human psychology and how common knowledge is the invisible glue holding civilization together with cognitive scientist and author of When Everyone Knows What Everyone Knows, Steven Pinker. How do we know we know that other people know we know? We start with the biological roots of social coordination: does money only have value because we all agree it does? How do common knowledge generators, like eye contact and public ceremonies, differ from private information? Steven explains the two-way duplicity of weasel words and innuendo, revealing the logic behind benign hypocrisy. Why do we say "Netflix and chill" instead of being direct? Discover the game theory behind saving face, the necessity of plausible deniability in society, and how a psychologist bribes a waiter. We discuss the evolutionary purpose of blushing, laughter, and tears. We revisit Charles Darwin’s work on facial expressions as a tool against scientific racism, proving our shared ancestry through the universal language of emotion. We take a look at the Emperor’s New Clothes effect in modern politics and economics. From bank runs and the 1970s toilet paper shortage to the contest of crypto and primary elections, find out how common knowledge can trigger speculative bubbles and why breaking social norms can permanently shatter the common expectation of civility. Could spreading civil norms be the ultimate fix for a polarized society? Thanks to our Patrons Zypherior (Fjottrik), Brett Peterson, Sheila Weinhardt, baltimega, Eric Gouse, Mathias Toft, Mike, Alex Boyer, Joey, Nathan, Mark, logan, Tal Rozow, Craig F, Nathir Kassam, Doug Calli, Artem, Jay Sawyer, Owen Aston, Tyler, smbriggs1, Galaxy Master, Stephanie Edwards, Fahad Sadiq, Erasmus, Margaret Kaczorowski, Julia, Marie Rausku, Andrew Talley, Wayne2566, Rob Weber, Eric Cabrera, Galarian Rowlet, Mark S. Meadows, Alexander Burov, Christopher Knight, Dan, William Hughes-Ruddell, Lisa R., Alison Broussard, Alex M. Zepeda, Michael Kroll, Caroline Cockrell, Shakeel Kadri, Cassondra Lowe, Ethan Rudkin, Fabio Scopel, Denisse Bermudez, Jacqui Wakeley, Nick, Shelley, Christina, RT, Jan Souček, Christopher NAVARRETTE, Ken, Dek Shanaghy, Matthew Bosheh, Ms. Netta, Deciphering Yiddish, DxGhostHawk, Olga Cadilla, Rick Prunty, Young Hahn, Yen-Chen Lee, Gail Reed Lobo, Joe Horner, Eps15 Unc, HiTecLoLife, Shazia, PatienceHoney, James Watson, Alex Court, Rylan Accalia, Alex1016, Çağlayan (Chao) Karagözler, Nick Parks, Christopher Causey, William, Dana, Dagim Afework Mekonnen, joseph Rollins, ulus, Brent Knoll, Ron Mueller, Rosa Harris, Casey Hall, Jill Whalen, Honey Moon, Neicy, Justin Laning, Chris Mackenzie, Malik Sankofa, and Jeff Allmendinger for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Steven Pinker 04:10 - Why Common Knowledge Matters 09:45 - Relationships, Weasel Worlds, & Plausible Deniability 17:30 - Why Cultures Differ From Eachother 20:37 - Why We Show Our Emotions 30:29 - When People Don’t Know That Everyone Knows 34:30 - Why Humor is Important 39:17 - Bank Runs, Toilet Paper, & Speculative Bubbles 44:37 - Violating the Social Contract 49:22 - Spreading Better Social Norms 51:47 - A Cosmic Perspective Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

What does Hawking radiation look like falling into a black hole? Will we ever find a theory of everything? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice answer questions about invisible fields, many worlds, entropy, the theory of everything, and more with theoretical physicist and philosopher Sean Carroll. What is a field, and why did it take physics so long to accept something you can’t see? From Newton’s discomfort with action at a distance to Faraday’s lines of force and Maxwell’s equations, learn how electricity, magnetism, light, radio, and X-rays all collapse into a single framework. We also discuss the double slit delayed choice quantum eraser experiment and whether dark energy could be the centrifugal force of a spinning universe. What does Hawking radiation look like falling into a black hole? Learn why there is a theory of everything even if we don’t know it yet. We explore how particles like photons and muons experience time while Sean instructs us on the dangers of anthropomorphizing particles. We discuss the arrow of time and entropy. Why does the past feel different from the future? Is the arrow of time fundamental or emergent from entropy and cosmology? Does entropy explain why choices can’t affect the past? We explore the many-worlds theory, branching universes, and whether alternative timelines are physically real or just math. Sean breaks down delayed-choice quantum eraser experiments, many-worlds versus Copenhagen interpretations, and whether rotating universes could mean we’re inside a black hole. Thanks to our Patrons Craig Rowley, kickhead, Derek Kainz, Mircea Buga, Erin Anthony, Michael Sayer, amadou, Jacob Spector, Michael Burch, Nick Miller, James Campbell, Kathi Drake, Anthony Paz, Mike mendoza, Andrew Henke, Mitch Majernik, John Euill, Ryan LeDuc, Mimi, Conner Mathis, Jeffrey Roe, Marie Richards, Thomas Wilgus jr, Cora Bailey, Alexandra Ursu, Jeffrey, Bryan Berg, NeXuSLemming, Elizabeth, John Shortridge, Ross S, Jose E Gonzalez, Luis Antonio Reyes Roman, Drops-A-Lot, David, Vega, Suranga Rajapakse, Colin McIsaac, Croule, Ping Xiong, Jennifer White, AkKaris, Nina Barton, Ethan Simmonds, anthro-po-COSMIC Dylan, Mark Daniel Cohen, Alan Short, Ryker Voets, Phobicdragon, Manuel Cadena, Walter Rimler, Nolan, Jason 'Jake' Kennedy, Sapien 6, Stephen Landau, Bret, Sp33dy86, Jim Sartor, Tony Parr, Sylvia Vassileva, Chris, john holstein, Lindy, Violet Hefner, David Wolery, kincade ewing, Bas Oosterveld, Clare Chevalier, Ruth Hall, Jonáš Burger, Shourov Kundu, Renato Sampaio, Gainbrainx, Allistare Lute, Royce Ashcroft, Emily Najemy, Paul Beachum, Bengt Weerstand, Osuch, Finn Family, Ricky, pa rn, David the Curious One, Brie Welch, Watt deFino, J. S. Pitcher, Marysa Muceli, and Joe K for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Sean Carroll 03:12 - What’s Up with Invisible Fields? 08:51 - What Hawking Radiation Looks Like as You Fall In 13:29 - Are Past and Future Different From Eachother? 18:29 - The Double Slit Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Experiment 25:10 - Is Dark Matter Just Use Making Stuff up? 31:08 - Is Dark Energy Centrifugal Force? 34:58 - If a Black Hole Evaporated While You Fell In 37:32 - Tell Me the Theory of Everything 44:31 - Is Many Worlds Mathematical or a Real Physical Process? 49:01 - Physics V. Philosophy 51:20 - Photon Experiencing Time 54:15 - Is Entropy Creating Time? 59:04 - Closing Thoughts Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

Happy Holidays, StarTalkians 🎄 We're reaching behind the paywall to bring you exclusive Patreon content; consider it our gift to you. In this edition of our monthly 'Ask Me Anything' series, Neil and Chuck tackle written questions from our Patrons before inviting a few dial-ins from the StarTalk VIP tier. Wanna participate in these AMA sessions? Now's the time to get in on our holiday discount! Learn more here: https://www.patreon.com/posts/holiday-for-146607640?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

Is time dilation just the data loading in a cosmic simulation? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice answer grab bag questions about saving the Sun, generation spaceships, black hole slingshots, and more! We explore what it would be like to get extremely close to our Sun. When the core of the Sun runs out of hydrogen, is there anything we could do? If we send a generational ship to a habitable planet today, will it eventually be passed by a faster ship launched decades later? How would you factor advancements in technology into launch times? What does Neil picture when he pictures the Big Bang? How do you explain the Big Bang to a seven-year-old? Does traveling at near-light speed make you smaller? Neil even shares how his PhD data in Chile gave purpose to ancient photons. Plus, can you use a supermassive black hole to slingshot your way past the speed of light? Could a black hole be a graviton in a higher dimension? Does living in an expanding universe contradict the idea that we live inside a black hole? We discuss whether gravity could simply be the cosmic engine slowing down its frame rate to process complex information. From merging antimatter bubble universes to intercepting tachyons traveling backward through time, no stone is left unturned in this wide-ranging episode. Thanks to our Patrons Colbi Rohr, Designer Chrome, David Crawford, Faber Gabriel, Don, DJ, Ashur Isho, Steve, Logan Doherty, daveb, Alyssa, Dave Rossi, WILLIAM DEANGELLO DAVIS, Kurtis Tucker, BoatsG, Brian Kemmet, Linn Eaton, Benson Albert, Alan Corey, John Mehew, Merrill, Hamad Alhadyan, Brian Langford, eSpectator, Craig Muller, Betty Ford, Rizwaan Khan, Eric L Brown, Kevin James, 84chamelio, Dave Hildebrandt, Joseph Torre, Ryan Martin, Mike Coffield, Patrick Mercado, Alvaro Mendoza, Justin M, David Spiro, Jerry Cornett, Len B Smith, Alex Roe-Million, Ken Nelson, 80HD, Tom N., yna, Nanette Westhof, Benjamin William Blair, Andres de la Torre, Bridget Yacker, Mac Crollman, Byron Gregg, Jaquenta Jackie, Kevin Williams, Mettavore, Nathan Randall, TheNative Artificer, Mihir Daté, Keith, Thomas Bunner, Jack carter, Andrew, Jonathan Venancio, Dwayne Moquett, Krishna Vasudevan, Lexee, David M, KC Jones, Andrea P, Vincent Y., Juan Hernandez, Gremlin, Brian Masney, GillesS, Brett, Moises Zorrilla, Tek Adept, Rick Stacey, Angela Hayes, Kent, Smitty West, and You Mesh for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Grab Bag 01:00 - Being Close To Our Sun 11:23 - Generational Spaceship Leapfrog 15:43 - Picturing the Big Bang 17:48 - Do You Get Smaller The Faster You Get? 23:12 - Black Hole Slingshot 27:57 - Can We Be in a Black Hole if The Universe is Expanding? 29:56 - Accelerating a Warp Bubble 32:08 - Graviton From a Higher Dimension 35:19 - Merging Bubble Universes 38:03 - Bypassing Spaghettification 39:51 - Is Time Dialation Just a Drop in Frame Rate in a Videogame? 41:10 - Could You Go Faster Than Speed of Light in a Black Hole? 42:13 - Quantum Computer in a Black Hole 43:20 - Faster Than Speed of Light Travel Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

Is time fundamental to the universe or a human construct? Neil deGrasse Tyson, Chuck Nice, and Gary O’Reilly explore our brain’s relationship with time, how we remember the past, and project the future with Dean Buonomano, Professor of Neurobiology and Psychology at UCLA. https://wwnorton.com/books/Your-Brain-Is-a-Time-Machine/ Your Brain Is a Time Machine: The Neuroscience and Physics of Time by Dean Buonomano Why do we measure time more accurately than any other dimension in physics? How do our brains even tell time? We compare man-made oscillators to our biological hardware. How did ancient cyanobacteria predict the sunrise before the first eye ever evolved? We look at how the invention of the pendulum clock synchronized human behavior to spark the Industrial Revolution and why being able to tell time is such a core function of life. What separates humans from a squirrel burying nuts? We explore the concept of mental time travel and our unique ability to project ourselves into the past and future. We dive into the philosophical battle between Presentism and Eternalism. Buonomano explains the mechanics of memory and how neural dynamics physically remember things for us. We discuss the tension between neuroscience and physics. Is the "flow" of time an illusion? We explore time dilation, the McGurk effect, explain how your brain syncs vision with sound, and whether we could ever truly upload knowledge like in Total Recall. Finally, is the brain the only time machine physics will ever allow? Can the brain truly ever understand itself and the universe? Thanks to our Patrons Austin koffler, Tommy O’Connor, Igor Vihnanek, Maria Banks, William Warren, Bud K, Dmitry Oksen, M-DOG, Jim Crider, Benjamin Newman, Mark Saravi, Ethan Meirovitz, Poole, Patti, mike hallatt, Barbara, Dicky P, Cody Hansen, Jorge, Jules Bethea, James A Kissell, Nikola Mucnjak, Helen Anderson, Jordan Teets, Bob Conrod, Aaron Clark, Jason Pack, John Munn, Fabrizio_9100, Antonio, Alvin Wuolu-luckett, Frederik Unser, Boptimus Prime, Vincent Davis, Jordyn Grulkowski, Greg Young, Kristopher Warren, Sam Gosin, JJ Budd, Donna L, ryan fontenot, Bill, PJ, jono langley, leats1, Jim Nagel, Nick O, Anthony Delgado, Peter Ainsworth, Joseph Garcia, Jay Reiss, Jimbo, Brian Greene, Anselmo Bernal, Stephane Raymond, Markush, Charles Perry, Steven Hardesty, TZ, Matt Entner, Olly, Joe Liparela, Andrew Rodgers, DJ Homer, Ibrahim Mohmed, Jarrad, AnJean3tte, Ryan Ciehanski, Doogle Chrome, Mick Kolassa, Ida Booth, Bret, Chris Miller, Lasse Callesen, elizabeth zaks, Steinbjorn, Jessica ♥️, Kaptain Karl, Pavel V S [ Dr.Bubble ], Nikki Tink Shubert, SUDIPTO SEN, Nathan Howard, Eldrick Sneed, Kem Phillips, Bradford Peterson, Andrew Davis, Sharvesh Kumar Jeyachandran, and Becky K for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Dean Buonomano 03:35 - How The Brain Tells Time 09:35 - Why Life Tells Time 12:03 - Human’s Relationship to Time 17:07 - Are the Past, Present, and Future Equally Real? 22:22 - Engaging in Mental Time Travel 27:13 - What is a Memory? 32:16 - The Spacetime of the Brain 35:32 - Temporal Window of Integration 38:20 - Time Dialation 40:35 - Could You Upload to the Brain? 44:06 - Is the Brain the Only Time Machine? 45:50 - Can the Human Brain Figure Out Itself? 48:30 - Closing Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson

New cadets. New era. Infinite possibilities. Catch a new episode of Star Trek: Starfleet Academy every Thursday starting Jan. 15th on Paramount+. Can quantum tunneling occur at macroscopic scales? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice sit down with John Martinis, UCSB physicist and 2025 Nobel Prize winner in Physics, to explore superconductivity, quantum tunneling, and what this means for the future of quantum computing. What exactly is macroscopic quantum tunneling, and why did it take decades for its importance to be recognized? We’ve had electrical circuits forever, so what did Martinis discover that no one else saw? If quantum mechanics usually governs tiny particles, why does a superconducting circuit obey the same rules? And what does superconductivity really mean at a quantum level? How can a system cross an energy barrier it doesn’t have the energy to overcome? What is actually tunneling in a superconducting wire, and what does it mean to tunnel out of superconductivity? We break down Josephson Junctions, Cooper pairs, and other superconducting lingo. Does tunneling happen instantly, or does it take time? And what does that say about wavefunction collapse and our assumptions about instantaneous quantum effects? Learn what a qubit is and why macroscopic quantum effects are important for quantum computing. Why don’t quantum computers instantly break all encryption? How close are we to that reality, and what replaces today’s cryptography when it happens? Is quantum supremacy a scientific milestone, a geopolitical signal, or both? Plus, we take cosmic queries from our audience: should quantum computing be regulated like nuclear energy? Will qubits ever be stable enough for everyday use? Will quantum computers live in your pocket or on the dark side of the Moon? Can quantum computing supercharge AI, accelerate discovery, or even simulate reality itself? And finally: if we live in a simulation, would it have to be quantum all the way down? Thanks to our Patrons Fran Rew, Shawn Martin, Kyland Holmes, Samantha McCarroll-Hyne, camille wilson, Bryan, Sammi, Denis Alberti, Csharp111, stephanie woods, Mark Claassen, Joan Tarshis, Abby Powell, Zachary Koelling, JWC, Reese, Fran Ochoa, Bert Berrevoets, Barely A Float Farm, Vasant Shankarling, Michael Rodriguez, DiDTim, Ian Cochrane, Brendan, William Heissenberg Ⅲ, Carl Poole, Ryan McGee, Sean Fullard, Our Story Series, dennis van halderen, Ann Svenson, mi ti, Lawrence Cottone, 123, Patrick Avelino, Daniel Arvay, Bert ten Kate, Kristian Rahbek, Robert Wade, Raul Contreras, Thomas Pring, John, S S, SKiTz0721, Joey, Merhawi Gherezghier, Curtis Lee Zeitelhack, Linda Morris, Samantha Conte, Troy Nethery, Russ Hill, Kathy Woida, Milimber, Nathan Craver, Taylor Anderson, Deland Steedman, Emily Lennox, Daniel Lopez, ., DanPeth, Gary, Tony Springer, Kathryn Rhind, jMartin, Isabella Troy Brazoban, Kevin Hobstetter, Linda Pepper, 1701cara, Isaac H, Jonathan Morton, JP, טל אחיטוב Tal Achituv, J. Andrew Medina, Erin Wasser, Evelina Airapetova, Salim Taleb, Logan Sinnett, Catherine Omeara, Andrew Shaw, Lee Senseman, Peter Mattingly, Nick Nordberg, Sam Giffin, LOWERCASEGUY, JoricGaming, Jeffrey Botkin, Ronald Hutchison, and suzie2shoez for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: John Martinis 03:28 - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics 8:30 - Quantum Tunneling in an Electric Circuit 16:45 - Is Tunnelling Instant? 24:02 - Josephson Junctions & Cooper Pairs 27:35 - What is a Qubit? 35:30 - Regulating Quantum Computing 37:53 - The Hardware of Quantum Computers 41:48 - Will We Have Quantum Computing Terminals? 43:06 - Combining Quantum Computing and AI 47:24 - Will Quantum Computing Be Comercially Viable? 49:36 - Are Limits to How Many Qubits? 55:11 - Do We Live in a Simulation? Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson